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Development of realistic design fire time-temperature curves for the testing of cold-formed steel wall

Anthony Deloge ARIYANAYAGAM,Mahen MAHENDRAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第4期页码 427-447 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0279-1

摘要： Fire resistance rating of light gauge steel frame (LSF) wall systems is obtained from fire tests based on the standard fire time-temperature curve. However, fire severity has increased in modern buildings due to higher fuel loads as a result of modern furniture and light weight constructions that make use of thermoplastics materials, synthetic foams and fabrics. Some of these materials are high in calorific values and increase both the spread of fire growth and heat release rate, thus increasing the fire severity beyond that of the standard fire curve. Further, the standard fire curve does not include a decay phase that is present in natural fires. Despite the increasing usage of LSF walls, their behavior in real building fires is not fully understood. This paper presents the details of a research study aimed at developing realistic design fire curves for use in the fire tests of LSF walls. It includes a review of the characteristics of building fires, previously developed fire time-temperature curves, computer models and available parametric equations. The paper highlights that real building fire time-temperature curves depend on the fuel load representing the combustible building contents, ventilation openings and thermal properties of wall lining materials, and provides suitable values of many required parameters including fuel loads in residential buildings. Finally, realistic design fire time-temperature curves simulating the fire conditions in modern residential buildings are proposed for the testing of LSF walls.

关键词： fire safety standard fire curve realistic design fire time-temperature curves light gauge steel frame (LSF) walls fire resistance rating fuel load

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Numerical analysis of aluminum alloy reticulated shells with gusset joints under fire conditions

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 448-466 doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0910-5

摘要： In this study, a numerical analysis was conducted on aluminum alloy reticulated shells (AARSs) with gusset joints under fire conditions. First, a thermal-structural coupled analysis model of AARSs considering joint semi-rigidity was proposed and validated against room-temperature and fire tests. The proposed model can also be adopted to analyze the fire response of other reticulated structures with semi-rigid joints. Second, a parametric analysis was conducted based on the numerical model to explore the buckling behavior of K6 AARS with gusset joints under fire conditions. The results indicated that the span, height-to-span ratio, height of the supporting structure, and fire power influence the reduction factor of the buckling capacity of AARSs under fire conditions. In contrast, the reduction factor is independent of the number of element divisions, number of rings, span-to-thickness ratio, and support condition. Subsequently, practical design formulae for predicting the reduction factor of the buckling capacity of K6 AARSs were derived based on numerical analysis results and machine learning techniques to provide a rapid evaluation method. Finally, further numerical analyses were conducted to propose practical design suggestions, including the conditions of ignoring the ultimate bearing capacity analysis of K6 AARS and ignoring the radiative heat flux.

关键词： aluminum alloy reticulated shell gusset joint numerical analysis fire resistance

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Fire hazard in transportation infrastructure: Review, assessment, and mitigation strategies

Venkatesh KODUR, M. Z. NASER

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期页码 46-60 doi: 10.1007/s11709-020-0676-6

摘要： This paper reviews the fire problem in critical transportation infrastructures such as bridges and tunnels. The magnitude of the fire problem is illustrated, and the recent increase in fire problems in bridges and tunnels is highlighted. Recent research undertaken to address fire problems in transportation structures is reviewed, as well as critical factors governing the performance of those structures. Furthermore, key strategies recommended for mitigating fire hazards in bridges and tunnels are presented, and their applicability to practical situations is demonstrated through a practical case study. Furthermore, research needs and emerging trends for enhancing the “state-of-the-art” in this area are discussed.

关键词： fire hazard bridges tunnels fire resistance mitigation strategies transportation infrastructure

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An approach for evaluating fire resistance of high strength Q460 steel columns

Wei-Yong WANG, Guo-Qiang LI, Bao-lin YU

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第1期页码 26-35 doi: 10.1007/s11709-014-0239-9

摘要： To develop a methodology for evaluating fire resistance of high strength Q460 steel columns, the load bearing capacity of high strength Q460 steel columns is investigated. The current approach of evaluating load bearing capacity of mild steel columns at room temperature is extended to high strength Q460 steel columns with due consideration to high temperature properties of high strength Q460 steel. The critical temperature of high strength Q460 steel column is presented and compared with mild steel columns. The proposed approach was validated by comparing the predicted load capacity with that evaluated through finite element analysis and test results. In addition, parametric studies were carried out by employing the proposed approach to study the effect of residual stress and geometrical imperfections. Results from parametric studies show that, only for a long column (slenderness higher than 75), the magnitude and distribution mode of residual stress have little influence on ultimate load bearing capacity of high strength Q460 steel columns, but the geometrical imperfections have significant influence on any columns. At a certain slenderness ratio, the stability factor first decreases and then increases with temperature rise.

关键词： high strength Q460 steel load bearing capacity temperature

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Experimental study on fire protection methods of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fiber

HU Kexu, HE Guisheng, LU Fan

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第4期页码 399-404 doi: 10.1007/s11709-007-0054-7

摘要： In this paper, two reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and attached with thick-painted fire resistant coating were tested for fire resistance following the standard fire testing procedures. The experimental results show that the specimen pasted with the insulated layer of 50 mm in thickness could resist fire for 2.5 h. It is also demonstrated that the steel wire mesh embedded in the insulated layer can effectively prevent it from cracking and eroding under firing.

关键词： polymer insulated resistant CFRP resistance

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Performance of insulated FRP-strengthened concrete flexural members under fire conditions

Pratik P. BHATT, Venkatesh K. R. KODUR, Anuj M. SHAKYA, Tarek ALKHRDAJI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第1期页码 177-193 doi: 10.1007/s11709-021-0714-z

摘要： This paper presents the results of fire resistance tests on carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthened concrete flexural members, i.e., T-beams and slabs. The strengthened members were protected with fire insulation and tested under the combined effects of thermal and structural loading. The variables considered in the tests include the applied load level, extent of strengthening, and thickness of the fire insulation applied to the beams and slabs. Furthermore, a previously developed numerical model was validated against the data generated from the fire tests; subsequently, it was utilized to undertake a case study. Results from fire tests and numerical studies indicate that owing to the protection provided by the fire insulation, the insulated CFRP-strengthened beams and slabs can withstand four and three hours of standard fire exposure, respectively, under service load conditions. The insulation layer impedes the temperature rise in the member; therefore, the CFRP–concrete composite action remains active for a longer duration and the steel reinforcement temperature remains below 400°C, which in turn enhances the capacity of the beams and slabs.

关键词： concrete beams concrete slabs carbon fiber-reinforced polymers fire resistance FRP strengthening repair retrofitting

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SHM-based F-AHP bridge rating system with application to Tsing Ma Bridge

Qi LI, You-lin XU, Yue ZHENG, An-xin GUO, Kai-yuen WONG, Yong XIA

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第4期页码 465-478 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0135-5

摘要： This paper aims at developing a structural health monitoring (SHM)-based bridge rating method for bridge inspection of long-span cable-supported bridges. The fuzzy based analytic hierarchy approach is employed, and the hierarchical structure for synthetic rating of each structural component of the bridge is proposed. The criticality and vulnerability analyses are performed largely based on the field measurement data from the SHM system installed in the bridge to offer relatively accurate condition evaluation of the bridge and to reduce uncertainties involved in the existing rating method. The procedures for determining relative weighs and fuzzy synthetic ratings for both criticality and vulnerability are then suggested. The fuzzy synthetic decisions for inspection are made in consideration of the synthetic ratings of all structural components. The SHM-based bridge rating method is finally applied to the Tsing Ma suspension bridge in Hong Kong as a case study. The results show that the proposed method is feasible and it can be used in practice for long-span cable-supported bridges with SHM system.

关键词： structural health monitoring (SHM) bridge rating method fuzzy based analytic hierarchy approach criticality and vulnerability rating Tsing Ma Bridge

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纵向通风水平隧道火灾烟气流动特性研究

卢平,丛北华,廖光煊,范维澄,厉培德

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第10期页码 59-64

摘要：

地铁隧道火灾烟气控制是城市公共安全的一个重要组成部分。在分析地铁隧道火灾烟气流动主要影响因素的基础上，将地铁隧道通风和排烟系统作为一个整体考虑，引入地铁隧道火灾烟气的浮力效应和热阻效应，建立了隧道通风网络火灾模拟的数学模型，分析了地铁隧道火灾烟气逆流的临界条件、临界流速、隧道风流及烟流流速与火灾强度的变化关系，为地铁隧道火灾烟气控制和事故应急处理提供科学依据。

关键词：地铁隧道火灾烟气浮力效应热阻效应临界风速

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Method for rating energy performance of public buildings

Jincheng XING,Youli LI,Jihong LING,Huiyang YU,Liwen WANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第3期页码 379-385 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0328-4

摘要： This paper discussed a comparative study of several state-of-art methods for determining building energy consumption benchmark. A new approach, which combined the idea of “building benchmark” and “operational benchmark” in its rating system, was proposed. A case study was conducted which applied the proposed approach to benchmarking an existing office building in Tianjin. Besides, the calculation of benchmarks of the reference building model and real building model using the rating method in eQUEST was also considered. Furthermore, the simulation results of the reference building model were taken as the baseline to divide real office buildings into different energy performance grades.

关键词： energy consumption benchmark energy efficiency benchmark energy performance level

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基于项目的路面养护可持续性评价工具 Article

Yibo Zhang, J.P. Mohsen

《工程（英文）》 2018年第4卷第2期页码 200-208 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2018.03.001

摘要：

路面需要养护，以防止其过度损坏，或使其恢复性能，然而在许多情况下，路面养护的重要性并没有得到足够的重视，它经常会被忽视或被作为低优先级处理。目前大多数的养护活动都存在预算问题，且只专注于清理损坏的路段。延期的路面养护会对环境和社会产生影响，因此可能会影响与养护相关的成本。可持续性评级工具是列举、解释和评估此类影响的好方法。目前已经为路面设计了多种评级工具，但是，路面养护与新建、扩建、改造路面等工程相比有不同的特点。本研究回顾了9 种路面可持续性评级工具，但这些工具没有一个可以完全描述养护特征，或者可以直接用于评估养护项目。因而，一个新型的用于路面养护的可持续性评级工具开始发展，这个新的工具可以用来评估单独的养护项目，并且可以提高公众对于路面养护重要性的认识。本文对其细节进行了描述，并通过示例展示了其评估过程和结果。

关键词：可持续性路面养护 PSIM 评级工具层次分析法

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Evacuation strategies for vertical ship lift during initial fire: Integrated application of stairs and

Shu CHEN, Menghan SHANG, Jianping WANG

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期页码 135-147 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0125-1

摘要： Vertical ship lifts (VSLs) are widely used in navigation facilities worldwide because of their efficiency and low cost. Although several researchers have investigated fire evacuation strategies for reducing potential safety hazards in VSLs, an effective and integrated application of stairs and elevators when a fire occurs in a VSL is necessary. Several evacuation routes were analyzed according to VSL structure and evacuation times in this study. Objective function corresponding to the minimum vertical evacuation time and related simulation model was subsequently developed to obtain a cooperative evacuation plan considering different numbers of evacuees. The Three Gorges ship lift was used as an example, and simulation results indicate that number of evacuees and exit selection are the main influencing factors of the total evacuation time in the stair- and elevator-coordinated evacuation mode. Furthermore, the distance between people trapped in ship reception chamber and evacuation exits affects evacuees’ choice of exits. The proposed model can provide a theoretical reference for evacuation research during initial fire events in VSLs.

关键词： vertical ship lift initial fire fire evacuation numerical simulation stair elevator

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基于火灾动力学和概率统计理论耦合的建筑火灾直接损失预估

褚冠全,孙金华

《中国工程科学》 2004年第6卷第8期页码 64-68

摘要：

以火灾成长概率和火灾发生后的过火面积为评价指标，探讨对建筑火灾过火面积的预估方法。依据火灾动力学和火灾发展过程中不同阶段的特点，将火灾由初期发展蔓延到整个防火分区的过程划分为4个阶段，采用概率论和事件树的分析方法，得到了每个阶段的火灾成长概率。根据不同阶段火灾的特点，求得了各阶段火灾的临界时间，并以此为基础对火灾发生后建筑物平均过火面积进行了预估。

关键词：建筑火灾火灾风险评估事件树概率过火面积

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森林火险与气象因素的多元相关性及其分析

宋卫国,马剑,Satoh K,王健

《中国工程科学》 2006年第8卷第2期页码 61-66

摘要：

森林火灾发生概率预测涉及气象、树种、地理条件与人类活动等诸因素，气象参数对火灾的影响一直是森林火灾研究的重点之一。选用日平均湿度、降水量、平均风速、平均温度和日照时间等5种典型气象参数，利用BP神经网络分析了它们对火灾发生概率的综合影响；研究了多种气象参数综合作用下火灾发生概率的变化规律。结果表明，气象参数与火灾发生概率之间存在稳定的关联，神经网络在处理多参数综合影响方面具有较好的泛化能力，可以作为预测林火概率的可靠方法，为森林火灾研究提供了基础数据。

关键词：神经网络森林火灾火灾发生概率气象参数火灾风险

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火灾安全科学——一个新兴交叉的工程科学领域

范维澄,刘乃安

《中国工程科学》 2001年第3卷第1期页码 6-14

摘要：

火灾安全科学致力于揭示火灾过程的机理和规律，并且为火灾防治提供技术原理。20世纪后期以来，火灾安全科学的发展令人瞩目。文章介绍了火灾安全科学兴起的背景和发展史，论述了这门学科的任务，并系统阐述了当前火灾安全技术层面的发展重点和需要解决的重要基础问题。

关键词：火灾火灾安全科学交叉科学

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森林火灾预报的新视角

赵宪文

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第5期页码 66-71

摘要：

从森林火灾成灾的三个基本因子（火源、环境和可燃物）入手，在宏观上对西南地区森林火灾预报方法进行了探讨。在预测林火发生方面，考虑到人为火是发生森林火灾的主要原因，有很大随机性，因而采用了马尔科夫随机过程理论。在分析成灾环境时，采用了与天、地、生相关分析的方法。特别在可燃物的贮量估测方面，用航天遥感数据，提出一套新的框算方法，为在区域的尺度上估测森林火灾给出了有效的、定量的方法，从而提高了可信度。

关键词：森林火灾预报航天遥感火灾基本因子新视角